Blockchain-Based Secured IPFS-Enable Event Storage Technique With Authentication Protocol in VANET

Sanjeev Kumar Dwivedi; Ruhul Amin; Satyanarayana Vollala

doi:10.1109/JAS.2021.1004225

Volume 8 Issue 12

Dec. 2021

IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica

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Article Navigation > IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica > 2021 > 8(12): 1913-1922

S. K. Dwivedi, R. Amin, and S. Vollala, "Blockchain-Based Secured IPFS-Enable Event Storage Technique With Authentication Protocol in VANET," IEEE/CAA J. Autom. Sinica, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 1913-1922, Dec. 2021. doi: 10.1109/JAS.2021.1004225

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S. K. Dwivedi, R. Amin, and S. Vollala, "Blockchain-Based Secured IPFS-Enable Event Storage Technique With Authentication Protocol in VANET," IEEE/CAA J. Autom. Sinica, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 1913-1922, Dec. 2021. doi: 10.1109/JAS.2021.1004225

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Blockchain-Based Secured IPFS-Enable Event Storage Technique With Authentication Protocol in VANET

doi: 10.1109/JAS.2021.1004225

Department of CSE, Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee International Institute of Information Technology Naya Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492002, India

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Author Bio:
Sanjeev Kumar Dwivedi has received the B.Tech degree from Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Madhya Pradesh in Computer Science and Engineering Department in 2010, and M.Tech degree from Pondicherry University, Puducherry in Distributed Computing System Specialization (CSE Department) in 2013, respectively. Currently, he is pursing the Ph.D. degree in the Department of CSE, Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee International Institute of Information Technology Naya Raipur (DSPM-IIITNR), India. He has a total academic experience of 4 years. He has published some research papers on blockchain in peer reviewed international journals such as Journal of Information Security and Applications (Elsevier), and Computers & Electrical Engineering (Elsevier). His current research interests include information security, cryptography, VANET security, and blockchain technology

Ruhul Amin received the Ph.D. degree in computer science and engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, India, in 2017. Dr. Amin received B.Tech and M.Tech degrees both in computer science and engineering from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, India in 2009 and 2013, respectively. Presently, he is working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee International Institute of Information Technology Naya Raipur, India. He has authored many technical research papers published in leading international conferences and peer reviewed international journals from the IEEE, Elsevier, Springer, John Wiley, etc. Some of his research findings are published in top cited journals such as IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing, IEEE Transaction on Consumer Electronics, IEEE Internet of Things, IEEE System Journal, Ad-Hoc Networks, Computer Networks, Future Generation Computer Science, Journal of Network and Computer Application of Elsevier. He is also serving as Associate Editor of Security and Privacy Journal published by John Wiley. He has been included in the subject-wise ranking of top 2% scientists from India (all fields) in the area of networking & telecommunications. His research interest includes cryptography and network security, authentication protocol, WSN security, IoT security and blockchain technology

Satyanarayana Vollala received the Ph.D. degree in CSE from National Institute of Technology, India, in 2017. Dr. Vollala received master of technology in computer science and engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, India. Presently, he is working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of CSE, Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee International Institute of Information Technology Naya Raipur (DSPM-IIITNR), India. He is also a Co-PI of project entitled as Energy Efficient Implementation of Multi-Modular Exponential Techniques for Public-key Cryptosystems, sponsored by ICPC, DST, India. His research interests include hardware security and theoretical computer science
Corresponding author: Ruhul Amin, e-mail: amin_ruhul@live.com
¹ No.1 indicates the vehicles and \begin{document}$ RSU $\end{document} registration performed by the \begin{document}$ RSU $\end{document} and network administrator, respectively. No.2 indicates that the vehicle collects the event information using its sensing units and sends it to the nearest \begin{document}$ RSU $\end{document} for further processing. No.\begin{document}$ 3 $\end{document} indicates \begin{document}$ RSU $\end{document} validates the event information and executes the smart contracts for creating the new block. No.4 and No.\begin{document}$ 5 $\end{document} indicate that verified event information is published on \begin{document}$ IPFS $\end{document}, and in return, \begin{document}$ IPFS $\end{document} provides the hash of that event to \begin{document}$ RSU $\end{document}. No.\begin{document}$ 6 $\end{document} indicates the user registration and authentication procedure. No.\begin{document}$ 7 $\end{document} indicates that after the user’s successful authentication, \begin{document}$ RSU $\end{document} provides the hash of the event to the user. No.\begin{document}$ 8 $\end{document} and No.9 indicate the user request for event details from IPFS, and in return, IPFS provides the event detail to the user.
² Proof-of-work is the mechanism that provides the consensus (common agreement) among the decentralized network nodes. Its principle is based on a solution (the current hash of a block) that is difficult to find, but at the same time, verification is easy for that solution. Here, the nodes of the decentralized network are continuously engaged in finding a nonce value which, when hashed with the previous block hash with necessary parameters, produces a resultant lesser than the predefined threshold.
³ \begin{document}$ H_{1} $\end{document} is a hash value, which is computed by hashing pairs of \begin{document}$ A_{VEH_{b}} $\end{document} and \begin{document}$ ID_{RSU_{a}} $\end{document}.⁴ \begin{document}$ H_{2} $\end{document} is a hash value, which is computed by hashing pairs of \begin{document}$ C_{VEH_{b}} $\end{document} and \begin{document}$ R_{RSU_{a}} $\end{document}.⁵ \begin{document}$ H_{3} $\end{document} is a hash value, which is computed by hashing of \begin{document}$ TID_{VEH_{b}} $\end{document}.⁶ \begin{document}$ H_{4} $\end{document} is a hash value, which is computed by hashing of \begin{document}$ E_{m} $\end{document}, whereas \begin{document}$ h(\cdot) $\end{document} is one way hash function (e.g., SHA-256).
⁴ \begin{document}$ H_{2} $\end{document} is a hash value, which is computed by hashing pairs of \begin{document}$ C_{VEH_{b}} $\end{document} and \begin{document}$ R_{RSU_{a}} $\end{document}.
⁵ \begin{document}$ H_{3} $\end{document} is a hash value, which is computed by hashing of \begin{document}$ TID_{VEH_{b}} $\end{document}.
⁶ \begin{document}$ H_{4} $\end{document} is a hash value, which is computed by hashing of \begin{document}$ E_{m} $\end{document}, whereas \begin{document}$ h(\cdot) $\end{document} is one way hash function (e.g., SHA-256).
⁷ P-I : Registration of vehicle and RSU; P-II : Event generation and authentication; \begin{document}$ T_{pg} $\end{document} : Time required by PKG function; \begin{document}$ T_{pf} $\end{document} : Time required by PUF; \begin{document}$ T_{e} $\end{document} : Time required to encrypt parameters; \begin{document}$ T_{d} $\end{document} : Time required to decrypt parameters; \begin{document}$ T_{h} $\end{document} : Time required by One-way hash function; \begin{document}$ T_{\delta_{1}} $\end{document} : Time required for searching the parameters in ledger; \begin{document}$ T_{\delta_{2}} $\end{document} : Time required for matching the required conditions;
⁸ In Javed et al. and Shi et al. approach, \begin{document}$ n $\end{document} and \begin{document}$ t $\end{document} is the cryptoid of vehicles, and time-stamp, respectively. For comparison, we consider \begin{document}$ n $\end{document} and \begin{document}$ t $\end{document} is length of 32 bytes and 4 bytes.
Received Date: 2020-11-20
Revised Date: 2021-01-25
Accepted Date: 2021-03-14

Available Online: 2021-08-03

Abstract

Abstract

In recent decades, intelligent transportation systems (ITS) have improved drivers’ safety and have shared information (such as traffic congestion and accidents) in a very efficient way. However, the privacy of vehicles and the security of event information is a major concern. The problem of secure sharing of event information without compromising the trusted third party (TTP) and data storage is the main issue in ITS. Blockchain technologies can resolve this problem. A work has been published on blockchain-based protocol for secure sharing of events and authentication of vehicles. This protocol addresses the issue of the safe storing of event information. However, authentication of vehicles solely depends on the cloud server. As a result, their scheme utilizes the notion of partially decentralized architecture. This paper proposes a novel decentralized architecture for the vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) without the cloud server. This work also presents a protocol for securing event information and vehicle authentication using the blockchain mechanism. In this protocol, the registered user accesses the event information securely from the interplanetary file system (IPFS). We incorporate the IPFS, along with blockchain, to store the information in a fully distributed manner. The proposed protocol is compared with the state-of-the-art. The comparison provides desirable security at a reasonable cost. The evaluation of the proposed smart contract in terms of cost (GAS) is also discussed.
- Authentication,
- blockchain,
- interplanetary file system (IPFS),
- secure information sharing,
- security

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¹ No.1 indicates the vehicles and $ RSU $ registration performed by the $ RSU $ and network administrator, respectively. No.2 indicates that the vehicle collects the event information using its sensing units and sends it to the nearest $ RSU $ for further processing. No.$ 3 $ indicates $ RSU $ validates the event information and executes the smart contracts for creating the new block. No.4 and No.$ 5 $ indicate that verified event information is published on $ IPFS $, and in return, $ IPFS $ provides the hash of that event to $ RSU $. No.$ 6 $ indicates the user registration and authentication procedure. No.$ 7 $ indicates that after the user’s successful authentication, $ RSU $ provides the hash of the event to the user. No.$ 8 $ and No.9 indicate the user request for event details from IPFS, and in return, IPFS provides the event detail to the user.
² Proof-of-work is the mechanism that provides the consensus (common agreement) among the decentralized network nodes. Its principle is based on a solution (the current hash of a block) that is difficult to find, but at the same time, verification is easy for that solution. Here, the nodes of the decentralized network are continuously engaged in finding a nonce value which, when hashed with the previous block hash with necessary parameters, produces a resultant lesser than the predefined threshold.
³ $ H_{1} $ is a hash value, which is computed by hashing pairs of $ A_{VEH_{b}} $ and $ ID_{RSU_{a}} $.⁴ $ H_{2} $ is a hash value, which is computed by hashing pairs of $ C_{VEH_{b}} $ and $ R_{RSU_{a}} $.⁵ $ H_{3} $ is a hash value, which is computed by hashing of $ TID_{VEH_{b}} $.⁶ $ H_{4} $ is a hash value, which is computed by hashing of $ E_{m} $, whereas $ h(\cdot) $ is one way hash function (e.g., SHA-256).
⁴ $ H_{2} $ is a hash value, which is computed by hashing pairs of $ C_{VEH_{b}} $ and $ R_{RSU_{a}} $.
⁵ $ H_{3} $ is a hash value, which is computed by hashing of $ TID_{VEH_{b}} $.
⁶ $ H_{4} $ is a hash value, which is computed by hashing of $ E_{m} $, whereas $ h(\cdot) $ is one way hash function (e.g., SHA-256).
⁷ P-I : Registration of vehicle and RSU; P-II : Event generation and authentication; $ T_{pg} $ : Time required by PKG function; $ T_{pf} $ : Time required by PUF; $ T_{e} $ : Time required to encrypt parameters; $ T_{d} $ : Time required to decrypt parameters; $ T_{h} $ : Time required by One-way hash function; $ T_{\delta_{1}} $ : Time required for searching the parameters in ledger; $ T_{\delta_{2}} $ : Time required for matching the required conditions;
⁸ In Javed et al. and Shi et al. approach, $ n $ and $ t $ is the cryptoid of vehicles, and time-stamp, respectively. For comparison, we consider $ n $ and $ t $ is length of 32 bytes and 4 bytes.

References(21)

References

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We present a blockchain-based data sharing and decentralized authentication protocol for VANET.
The proposed mechanism leverages IPFS for storing event information in a distributed manner.
The solution achieves data accessing policies for the user based on the ethereum smart contract.
Computation, communication, and storage cost of our protocol are better than related protocols.
Smart contract develops in solidity and tested (transaction and execution cost) in the remix IDE.

Blockchain-Based Secured IPFS-Enable Event Storage Technique With Authentication Protocol in VANET

doi: 10.1109/JAS.2021.1004225

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