A journal of IEEE and CAA , publishes high-quality papers in English on original theoretical/experimental research and development in all areas of automation
Volume 8 Issue 12
Dec.  2021

IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica

  • JCR Impact Factor: 15.3, Top 1 (SCI Q1)
    CiteScore: 23.5, Top 2% (Q1)
    Google Scholar h5-index: 77, TOP 5
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
S. Dustdar, P. Fernández, J. M. García, and A. Ruiz-Cortés, "Elastic Smart Contracts in Blockchains," IEEE/CAA J. Autom. Sinica, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 1901-1912, Dec. 2021. doi: 10.1109/JAS.2021.1004222
Citation: S. Dustdar, P. Fernández, J. M. García, and A. Ruiz-Cortés, "Elastic Smart Contracts in Blockchains," IEEE/CAA J. Autom. Sinica, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 1901-1912, Dec. 2021. doi: 10.1109/JAS.2021.1004222

Elastic Smart Contracts in Blockchains

doi: 10.1109/JAS.2021.1004222
Funds:  This work was partially supported by FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación – Agencia Estatal de Investigación under project HORATIO (RTI2018-101204-B-C21), by Junta de Andalucía under projects APOLO (US-1264651) and EKIPMENT-PLUS (P18-FR-2895), and by the TU Wien Research Cluster Smart CT
More Information
  • In this paper, we deal with questions related to blockchains in complex Internet of Things (IoT)-based ecosystems. Such ecosystems are typically composed of IoT devices, edge devices, cloud computing software services, as well as people, who are decision makers in scenarios such as smart cities. Many decisions related to analytics can be based on data coming from IoT sensors, software services, and people. However, they are typically based on different levels of abstraction and granularity. This poses a number of challenges when multiple blockchains are used together with smart contracts. This work proposes to apply our concept of elasticity to smart contracts and thereby enabling analytics in and between multiple blockchains in the context of IoT. We propose a reference architecture for Elastic Smart Contracts and evaluate the approach in a smart city scenario, discussing the benefits in terms of performance and self-adaptability of our solution.

     

  • loading
  • 1 https://ipfs.io/
    2 The prototype implementation and experiments launcher can be found at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.40951003 The complete experimental results obtained can be found at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4267996
    The complete experimental results obtained can be found at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4267996
  • [1]
    M. Zhaofeng, W. Xiaochang, D. K. Jain, H. Khan, G. Hongmin, and W. Zhen, “A blockchain-based trusted data management scheme in edge computing,” IEEE Trans. Industrial Informatics, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 2013–2021, 2020. doi: 10.1109/TII.2019.2933482
    [2]
    M. Gusev, B. Koteska, M. Kostoska, B. Jakimovski, S. Dustdar, O. Scekic, T. Rausch, S. Nastic, S. Ristov, and T. Fahringer, “A deviceless edge computing approach for streaming IoT applications,” IEEE Internet Computing, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 37–45, 2019. doi: 10.1109/MIC.2019.2892219
    [3]
    M. Swan, Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy. O’Reilly Media, 2015.
    [4]
    E. Androulaki, A. Barger, V. Bortnikov, S. Muralidharan, C. Cachin, K. Christidis, A. De Caro, D. Enyeart, C. Murthy, C. Ferris, G. Laventman, Y. Manevich, B. Nguyen, M. Sethi, G. Singh, K. Smith, A. Sorniotti, C. Stathakopoulou, M. Vukolić, S. W. Cocco, and J. Yellick, “Hyperledger fabric: A distributed operating system for permissioned blockchains,” in Proc. 13th EuroSys Conf., EuroSys. New York, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, Inc, 2018, pp. 1–15.
    [5]
    A. Dorri, S. S. Kanhere, and R. Jurdak, “Towards an optimized blockchain for IoT,” in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Internet-of-Things Design and Implementation. New York, USA: ACM, 2017, pp. 173–178.
    [6]
    Z. Yang, K. Yang, L. Lei, K. Zheng, and V. C. M. Leung, “Blockchain based decentralized trust management in vehicular networks,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1495–1505, 2019. doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2018.2836144
    [7]
    T. Jiang, H. Fang, and H. Wang, “Blockchain-based internet of vehicles: Distributed network architecture and performance analysis,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 4640–4649, 2019. doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2018.2874398
    [8]
    J. Feng, L. T. Yang, R. Zhang, and B. S. Gavuna, “Privacy preserving tucker train decomposition over blockchain-based encrypted industrial IoT data,” IEEE Trans. Industrial Informatics, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 4904–4913, 2021.
    [9]
    V. Buterin, “A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform,” Ethereum.org, Tech. Rep., 2013. [Online]. Available: https://ethereum.org/en/whitepaper/
    [10]
    X. Huang, D. Ye, R. Yu, and L. Shu, “Securing parked vehicle assisted fog computing with blockchain and optimal smart contract design,” IEEE/CAA J. Autom. Sinica, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 426–441, 2020. doi: 10.1109/JAS.2020.1003039
    [11]
    X. Xu, C. Pautasso, L. Zhu, V. Gramoli, A. Ponomarev, A. B. Tran, and S. Chen, “The blockchain as a software connector,” in Proc. 13th Working IEEE/IFIP Conf. Software Architecture, 2016, pp. 182–191.
    [12]
    J. Nelson, M. Ali, R. Shea, and M. J. Freedman, “Extending existing blockchains with virtualchain,” in Proc. Workshop on Distributed Cryptocurrencies and Consensus Ledgers, 2016.
    [13]
    Y. Al-Dhuraibi, F. Paraiso, N. Djarallah, and P. Merle, “Elasticity in cloud computing: State of the art and research challenges,” IEEE Trans. Services Computing, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 430–447, 2018. doi: 10.1109/TSC.2017.2711009
    [14]
    G. Copil, D. Moldovan, H. L. Truong, and S. Dustdar, “RSYBL: A framework for specifying and controlling cloud services elasticity,” ACM Trans. Internet Technology, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 1–20, 8, 2016.
    [15]
    M. Herlihy, “Atomic cross-chain swaps,” in Proc. Annu. ACM Symp. Principles of Distributed Computing. New York, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2018, pp. 245–254.
    [16]
    A. Hope-Bailie and S. Thomas, “Interledger: Creating a standard for payments,” in Proc. 25th Int. Conf. Companion on World Wide Web. New York, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2016, pp. 281–282.
    [17]
    J. M. García, P. Fernandez, A. Ruiz-Cortés, S. Dustdar, and M. Toro, “Edge and cloud pricing for the sharing economy,” IEEE Internet Computing, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 78–84, 3, 2017. doi: 10.1109/MIC.2017.24

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Figures(10)

    Article Metrics

    Article views (800) PDF downloads(55) Cited by()

    Highlights

    • We discuss integration and elasticity concerns for smart contracts in blockchains.
    • We present a reference architecture for Elastic Smart Contracts.
    • The evaluation in an IoT-based smart city scenario shows its effectiveness.

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return