LSTM Networks-Based Data-Driven Secure Synchronization of Interconnected Systems With Malicious Subsystems

Xuan Jia; Junfeng Zhang; Baozhu Du; Haoyue Yang; Uzair Aslam Bhatti

doi:10.1109/JAS.2026.125933

Volume 13 Issue 9

Sep. 2026

IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica

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Article Navigation > IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica > 2026 > 13(9): 2146-2162

X. Jia, J. Zhang, B. Du, H. Yang, and U. A. Bhatti, “LSTM networks-based data-driven secure synchronization of interconnected systems with malicious subsystems,” IEEE/CAA J. Autom. Sinica, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 2146–2162, Sep. 2026. doi: 10.1109/JAS.2026.125933

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X. Jia, J. Zhang, B. Du, H. Yang, and U. A. Bhatti, “LSTM networks-based data-driven secure synchronization of interconnected systems with malicious subsystems,” IEEE/CAA J. Autom. Sinica, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 2146–2162, Sep. 2026. doi: 10.1109/JAS.2026.125933

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LSTM Networks-Based Data-Driven Secure Synchronization of Interconnected Systems With Malicious Subsystems

doi: 10.1109/JAS.2026.125933

Funds: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62463007, 62563006), the Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province (625RC710), Postdoctoral Research Funding of Hainan Province (2025-79), and Postgraduate Innovative Research Funding of Hainan Province (Hyb2025-22, Hys2025-56, Hys2025-60)

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Author Bio:
Xuan Jia received the M.S. degree in pattern recognition and intelligent systems from Lanzhou University of Technology in 2023. He is currently a Ph.D. degree candidate in electronic information at Hainan University. He has served as Principal Investigator in Postgraduate Innovative Research Funding of Hainan Province and Participant in several national and provincial research-funded projects. His current research interests include stochastic systems, multi-agent systems, and data-driven control

Junfeng Zhang (Senior Member, IEEE) received the Ph.D. degree from Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 2014. He was appointed as Professor at the School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University in 2022. From December 2014 to May 2022, he worked in the School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University. From August 2019 to August 2020, he visited Inria, University of Lille, France. His research interests include positive systems, data-driven control, switched systems, and model predictive control.He was the Chair/Co-Chair of Program Committee in several international conferences including POSTA2018, PRAI2023/2026, RACE2023, etc. He has published more than 150 journal and conference papers and one book about positive systems

Baozhu Du received the B.S. degree in information and computing science, and the M.S. degrees in operational research and cybernetics from Northeastern University in 2003 and 2006, respectively, the Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from The University of Hong Kong, China in 2010. From 2017 to 2019, she was an Alexander von Humboldt Experienced Researcher in University of Duisburg-Essen, Gemany. Now, she is a Professor in the School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University. Her research interests include stability analysis and robust control/filter theory of time-delay systems, positive systems, Markovian jump systems, and networked control systems

Haoyue Yang received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering and automation from Zhejiang University of Science and Technology in 2016, the M.S. degree in control science and engineering from Hangzhou Dianzi University in 2020, and the Ph.D. degree in control science and engineering from Tongji University in 2025. He is currently a Post-Doctoral Fellow with the School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University. His current research interests include fault-tolerant control, data-driven control, semi-Markov jump systems, and multi-agent cooperation/optimization

Uzair Aslam Bhatti (Senior Member, IEEE) received the Ph.D. degree in information and communication engineering from Hainan University in 2019. In 2021, he completed the Postdoctoral Researcher in earth observation and remote sensing at Nanjing Normal University. He is currently serving as an Associate Professor in the School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University. His research interests include artificial intelligence, intelligent systems, remote sensing, medical image analysis, geographic information systems, and machine learning.Dr. Bhatti has published more than 300 research papers in internationally recognized journals and conferences. In addition, he is the inventor of 22 patents and has served as both principal investigator and participant in several national and provincial research-funded projects in China. He has also edited eight books and conference proceedings published by Springer Nature, Taylor & Francis, and IGI Global. He has served as a Session Chair at numerous IEEE conferences, including PRAI, DLCV, and IEEE FIT, and has also acted as an Editor and Guest Editor for several SCI-indexed and EI-indexed journals
Corresponding author: Junfeng Zhang, e-mail: jfzhang@hainanu.edu.cn
Received Date: 2025-11-28
Accepted Date: 2026-01-24

Abstract

Abstract

This paper presents a data-driven multi-dimensional synchronization for unknown interconnected systems with malicious subsystems. Data-driven two-hop information and long short-term memory networks are utilized to check the information of neighboring subsystems. The corresponding data representation is constructed for unknown systems with malicious subsystems. A distributed controller is designed using distributed noisy data. Then, a secure multi-dimensional synchronization algorithm with long short-term memory networks is addressed. Necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for all normal subsystems to achieve exponential synchronization. Moreover, the presented approach is extended to the design of the data-driven secure multi-dimensional synchronization algorithm. Finally, two examples of Caltech multi-vehicle wireless testbed vehicles and the non-isothermal continuous stirred tank reactor system are provided to verify the effectiveness of the obtained results.
- Long short-term memory networks,
- malicious subsystems,
- secure multi-dimensional synchronization

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References(39)

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LSTM Networks-Based Data-Driven Secure Synchronization of Interconnected Systems With Malicious Subsystems

doi: 10.1109/JAS.2026.125933

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